Certified Neuroscience Registered Nurse (CNRN) Practice Exam

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Individuals with Down syndrome are at the greatest increased risk of developing which condition?

Alzheimer's disease
Schizophrenia
Parkinson's disease
Multiple sclerosis

The correct answer is: Alzheimer's disease

Individuals with Down syndrome have a significantly increased risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease due to the unique genetic factors associated with this condition. The presence of an extra copy of chromosome 21 in Down syndrome individuals leads to overexpression of genes on this chromosome, including the amyloid precursor protein (APP), which is involved in the development of amyloid plaques—a hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease. Research shows that the majority of individuals with Down syndrome develop Alzheimer’s pathology by the age of 40, with many exhibiting symptoms of dementia as they enter middle age. This correlation between Down syndrome and early-onset Alzheimer’s is well-documented, making this condition the one with the greatest increased risk in this population compared to other neurological or psychiatric conditions.